2023 Turkish presidential election

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

2023 Turkish presidential election
← 2018
  • 14 May 2023 (first round)
  • 28 May 2023 (second round)
 2028 →
Opinion polls
Turnout87.04% (first round) Increase 0.80 pp
84.15% (second round) Decrease 2.89 pp
  Recep Tayyip Erdogan in Ukraine.jpg Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu in March 2023 (cropped).png
Candidate Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu
Party AKP CHP
Alliance People's Alliance Nation Alliance
Popular vote 27,834,692 25,504,552
Percentage 52.18% 47.82%
2023 Turkish presidential election map.svg
2023 Turkish presidential election map second round.svg
President before election

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
AKP

Elected President

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
AKP

Presidential elections were held in Turkey in May 2023, alongside parliamentary elections, to elect a president for a term of five years.[1] It marks the first time a Turkish presidential election has gone to a run-off.[2]

The election had originally been scheduled to take place on 18 June, but the government moved them forward by a month to avoid coinciding with the university exams, the Hajj pilgrimage and the start of the summer holidays.[3] It is estimated that a total of 64 million voters had the right to cast their votes in elections, 60.9 million in Turkey and 3.2 million abroad.[4]

Incumbent president Erdoğan of the Justice and Development Party (AK Party) ran for re-election as the joint candidate of the People's Alliance, which includes the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) and two other smaller parties. The Nation Alliance, composed of six opposition parties including the main opposition Republican People's Party (CHP), fielded CHP leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu as its presidential candidate. Though not part of the alliance, the pro-Kurdish Party of Greens and the Left Future (YSGP) and the Labour and Freedom Alliance (of which it is a member) endorsed Kılıçdaroğlu.[5] Two other minor candidates, namely Homeland Party leader Muharrem İnce and anti-immigration ultranationalist Ancestral Alliance nominee Sinan Oğan, also reached the required 100,000 signatures to stand; however, three days before the election, İnce withdrew from the election citing consistent slander and smear campaigns against him by rival candidates, though he still appeared on ballots.[6]

The main campaign issues revolved around the deadly February 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake, which left over 50,000 people dead and threatened to postpone the election date.[7][8] The government was criticised for its slow response to the earthquake and land amnesties prior to it that critics claimed left buildings more vulnerable.[9] The economy also featured prominently due to the rapidly rising cost of living. In most polls, voters identified the economy as their prime area of concern.[10]

In the first round, Erdoğan and Oğan outperformed expectations to receive 49.5% and 5.2% of the vote respectively. Meanwhile, Kılıçdaroğlu won 44.9%, while Muharrem İnce (who remained on the ballot despite withdrawing) received 0.4%. Since Erdoğan's vote share was 0.5% short of winning outright, he and Kılıçdaroğlu contested a run-off vote on 28 May. Oğan endorsed Erdoğan, causing a split with the Ancestral Alliance, as Victory Party leader Ümit Özdağ – the leader of the alliance's largest party – endorsed Kılıçdaroğlu.[11] Erdoğan was re-elected in the second round with 52.2% of the vote

Background

2018 elections

Main article: 2018 Turkish general election

The previous Turkish general election took place on 24 June 2018. The election marked the country's transition from a parliamentary system to a presidential one, as narrowly endorsed by voters in the controversial 2017 constitutional referendum.[12][13] That election resulted in a victory for incumbent president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, who had held the position since 2014.[14] Meanwhile, the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) lost its absolute majority in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey for the first time since June 2015, forcing it to rely on its coalition partner, the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) of Devlet Bahçeli, to pass legislation.[15]

Date

The regular scheduled date for the first round of the elections was set for 18 June 2023. However, the electoral system allowed for moving the date forward. In 2020, there was speculation about a snap election prior to the regular one in 2023. At the time, Devlet Bahçeli, the leader of coalition partner MHP, ruled them out. In a written statement, he said that elections would not be held before 2023. He also confirmed that the current coalition between AKP and MHP will remain intact and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan will be their joint nominee for President.[16]

Discussion on snap elections

In early January 2023 the AKP mentioned eventual snap elections to take place on either on 16 or 30 April or on 14 May.[17] But the so called "Table of Six" composed by six opposition parties announced that they would not agree to snap elections after 6 April.[17] On 18 January 2023, Erdoğan, the President of Turkey, signalled that the elections will be held earlier than the scheduled date, specifically on 14 May 2023, in a symbolic reference to the election victory of former Prime Minister Adnan Menderes on 14 May in the 1950 Turkish general election, defeating the candidate of the then governing CHP party.[18] On 22 January 2023, Erdoğan stated that the elections will be held on 14 May. In view of that date, the "Table of Six" announced that Erdoğan cannot run for president without parliamentary consent.[19]

Discussion on postponing election date

After a devastating earthquake struck the country in February 2023, Erdoğan announced a state of emergency for 10 affected provinces, which would end a week ahead of the election date of the 14 May.[20] The opposition voted against the imposition in parliament.[21] Then on 13 February 2023, Bülent Arınç, a former AKP Member of Parliament, alleged the elections could not be held in the current situation in either May or June, and the elections should be postponed.[21] AKP spokesperson Ömer Çelik responded that Arınç's statement is his own personal view and does not bind the party.[22] Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu from the opposition party Republican People's Party (CHP) responded to Arınç's statement that the constitution would not provide a possibility to postpone the elections except in the case of war.[21] Further, Mustafa Tolga Öztürk from the Good Party reasoned only the parliament has the authority to postpone elections and Selahattin Demirtaş from the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) suspected such a measure would result in a political coup.[21]

Election calendar

The Supreme Election Council announced the following election calendar for the 2023 presidential elections and the parliamentary elections.[23]

  • 18 March: The Supreme Election Council announces the official start of the election cycle.
  • 19 March: Submission of candidacy applications to the Supreme Election Council.
  • 20 March: Independent presidential candidates can apply until 17.00. Applications of independent candidates are examined by the Supreme Election Council and the candidates will be notified if their application is missing documents or other shortcomings as of 23:00.
  • 21 March: Independent presidential candidates whose application has been rejected by the Supreme Election Council, can appeal and request a re-examination until 17:00.
    • Deadline for political parties to nominate a presidential candidate.
  • 28 March: Announcement of the temporary list of presidential candidates and start of appeal applications.
  • 31 March: Announcement of the final list of presidential candidates.
  • 1 April: Presentation of ballot paper with the presidential candidates.
  • 12 April: Finalization of the domestic and international voter registers.
  • 27 April: Start of voting procedures at customs gates and abroad.
  • 9 May: Deadline for voting abroad.
  • 13 May: End of election campaigning and start of election silence at 18:00.
  • 14 May: Voting day. Announcement of the temporary results of the presidential election at 23:59.
  • 19 May: Announcement of the final election results by the Supreme Election Council.

In case of a two-rounded presidential election:

  • 15 May: Start of election campaigning for the second round of the presidential election.
  • 20 May: Start of voting procedures at customs gates and abroad.
  • 24 May: Deadline for voting abroad.
  • 27 May: End of election campaigning and start of election silence at 18:00.
  • 28 May: Voting day. Second round of the presidential election.
  • 29 May: Announcement of the temporary results of the presidential election.
  • 1 June: Announcement of the final results of the presidential election.

Electoral system

The President of Turkey is directly elected through the two-round system, under which a candidate must obtain a simple majority (more than 50%) of the popular vote to be elected. If no candidate secures an overall majority outright, then a runoff is held between the two most voted-for candidates from the first round, the winner of which is then declared elected. The first direct election to the Turkish presidency was held in 2014, after a referendum in 2007 abolished the previous system under which the head of state was elected by the legislature chamber, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The President of Turkey is subject to term limits, and may serve at most two five-year terms.[24] If snap elections were held before the end of the second term, a third term would be permitted.[25][26] Snap elections can be held either with the consent of 60% of the MPs in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey or ordered by presidential decree. Only snap elections via the consent of the Grand National Assembly during a president's second term can allow the president to serve a third term.[27]

Prospective presidential candidates must be at least 40 years old and must have completed higher education. Any political party that has won 5% of the vote in the previous parliamentary election can put forward a candidate, although parties that have not met this threshold can form alliances and field joint candidates as long as their total vote share exceeds 5%. Independents can run if they collect 100,000 signatures from the electorate.[28] The election will overviewed by the Supreme Election Council (YSK).[29]

Candidates

Main article: 2023 Turkish presidential election candidate nominations

Candidates

Sinan Oğan launching his campaign
Ballot paper (1st round)

On 1 April, after a drawing conducted by the Supreme Electoral Council, the places of four presidential candidates on the ballot paper have been determined as follows:

List of presidential candidates in order they appear on the ballot paper[38][c]
1 2 3 4
Recep Tayyip Erdogan in Ukraine.jpg
Muharrem İnce, 2023 (cropped).jpg
Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu in March 2023 (cropped).png
 Dr. Sinan Oğan 2023 (cropped).jpg
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Muharrem İnce[b] Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu Sinan Oğan
People's Alliance — Nation Alliance Ancestral Alliance
AKP MHP BBP YRP MP CHP İYİ DEVA GP SP DP ZP AP [tr] ÜP TÜİP
Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign

Nominations

According to the article 101 of the Constitution of Turkey, amended following the 2017 constitutional referendum, any political party that has won 5% of the vote in the previous parliamentary election can put forward a candidate. The remaining candidates were required to collect at least 100,000 signatures.[39]

Voters were able to give signatures to their preferred presidential candidate between 22 and 27 March at their local electoral council branch.[39]

On 24 March, the New Welfare Party decided to join the People's Alliance. After this decision, Fatih Erbakan announced that he had ended the candidacy process in favour of Erdoğan.[40]

Party Candidate Daily signatures Result
22 March[41] 23 March[42] 24 March[43] 25 March[44] 26 March[45] 27 March[46]
Homeland Party Muharrem İnce
28,235
51,367
76,901
Green tickY 104,357
109,745
114,657
Green tickY Nominated
— Sinan Oğan
15,573
25,924
39,317
63,027
Green tickY 102,667
111,502
Green tickY Nominated
New Welfare Party Fatih Erbakan[d]
27,910
46,725
69,079
69,159
69,200
69,255
Red XN Not nominated
Patriotic Party Doğu Perinçek
6,679
11,792
16,192
20,400
23,776
27,055
Red XN Not nominated
— Yakup Türkal
993
1,645
2,031
2,462
2,780
3,137
Red XN Not nominated
— Erkan Trükten
397
755
1,116
1,604
1,940
2,588
Red XN Not nominated
— Ahmet Özal
237
567
807
1,025
1,311
1,544
Red XN Not nominated
Justice Unity Party İrfan Uzun
176
319
447
698
1,001
1,263
Red XN Not nominated
— Halil Murat Ünver
119
211
285
369
444
538
Red XN Not nominated
— Hilmi Özden
60
151
225
333
405
478
Red XN Not nominated
— Davut Turan
34
68
92
106
111
122
Red XN Not nominated
Totals
80,413
139,524
206,494
263,540
313,380
332,139

Endorsements

Parties and alliances

Candidate Endorsement Ideology
Erdoğan
People's Alliance
AKP 		People's Alliance MHP (Nationalist Movement Party)[47] Turkish ultranationalism
BBP (Great Unity Party)[48] Turkish Islamonationalism
YRP (New Welfare Party)[49] Millî Görüş
HÜDAPAR (Free Cause Party)[50] Kurdish Islamism
DSP (Democratic Left Party)[51] Social democracy
BÜYÜK TÜRKİYE (Great Turkey Party)[52] Pan-Turkism
DYP (True Path Party)[53] Liberal conservatism
YENİ DÜNYA (New World Party)[54] Conservatism
VATAN PARTİSİ (Patriotic Party) (second round)[55] Anti-Western
TÜİP (Turkey Alliance Party) (second round)[56] Kemalism
ÜLKEM (My Country Party)[57] Turkish nationalism
Kılıçdaroğlu
Nation Alliance
CHP 		Nation Alliance İYİ PARTİ (Good Party)[32] Turkish nationalism
DEVA (Democracy and Progress Party)[32] Liberal conservatism
GP (Future Party)[32] Conservatism
SAADET (Felicity Party)[58][32] Millî Görüş
DP (Democrat Party)[32] Liberal conservatism
Labour and Freedom Alliance TİP (Workers' Party of Turkey)[59] Socialism
HDP (Peoples' Democratic Party)[60] Regionalism
Yeşil Sol Parti (Party of Greens and the Left Future)[61] Green politics
EMEP (Labour Party)[62] Communism
EHP (Labourist Movement Party)[62] Communism
TÖP (Social Freedom Party)[62] Communism
Union of Socialist Forces SOL PARTİ (Left Party)[63] Socialism
TKP (Communist Party of Turkey)[64][65] Communism
TKH (Communist Movement of Turkey)[66] Communism
DH (Revolution Movement)[67] Communism
TDP (Party for Change in Turkey)[68] Social democracy
LDP (Liberal Democratic Party)[69][70] Classical liberalism
BTP (Independent Turkey Party)[71] Kemalism
HKP (People's Liberation Party)[72] Communism
MTP (Nationalist Turkey Party)[73] Turkish nationalism
KP (Women's Party)[74] Feminism
TEK PARTİ (Technology Development Party)[75] Liberalism
YEŞİLLER (Green Party)[76] Green politics
DOĞRU PARTİ (The True Party)[77] Kemalism
AP (Justice Party [tr]) (second round)[78] Liberal conservatism
ZP (Victory Party) (second round)[79] Anti-immigration
MEP (Centre Party) (second round)[80] Liberalism
SCP (Workers' Peasants' Party of Turkey) (second round)[81] Marxism
Milli Yol (National Path Party) (second round)[82] Turkish nationalism
İDP (Labor Democracy Party) (second round)[83] Marxism
DSİP (Revolutionary Socialist Workers' Party) (second round)[84] Trotskyism
AB PARTİ (Justice Unity Party) (second round)[85] Kemalism
Oğan
Ancestral Alliance
Independent 		Ancestral Alliance ZP (Victory Party)[37] Anti-immigration
AP (Justice Party [tr])[37] Liberal conservatism
ÜLKEM (My Country Party)[37] Turkish nationalism
TÜİP (Turkey Alliance Party)[37] Kemalism
ANAP (Motherland Party)[86] Liberal conservatism

Second round

Ballot paper (2nd round)

First round of elections showed a shift further to the nationalist sentiment.[87]

Negotiations by Oğan and Özdağ

Oğan said that "Turkish nationalists and Atatürk supporters will be the decision-makers in the second round".[88] Oğan demanded that he doesn't want any party, that he considers connected to terrorism, to have any role in the government.[89] He is against the presence of a Kurdish party in the "political equation".[90] He mentioned two parties specifically: HÜDA PAR, a Kurdish Islamist party allied with Erdoğan, and the pro-Kurdish HDP, which supported Kılıçdaroğlu.[89][90] If Kılıçdaroğlu signed a protocol he would not make concessions to the HDP, he could receive Oğans support.[90] On 19 May, Kılıçdaroğlu visited the headquarters of the Victory Party and met with its leader Özdağ.[91] The same day, Oğan met Erdoğan for negotiations,[92] while Erdoğan told CNN International he "would not bow to Oğan's wishes", adding he's "not the kind of person who likes to bargain like this".[93] Bahçeli published a message on the occasion of the Commemoration of Atatürk, Youth and Sports Day, alluding to Oğan, he said "those who pretend to have non-existent political power and turn politics into a horse market are opportunistic weaklings".[94] On 22 May, AKP deputy chairman Numan Kurtulmuş visited Özdağ at Victory Party headquarters, where he stated that they shared similar ideas with the Victory Party on various issues such as national security and noted they hoped the party would support Erdogan in the second round.[95] The same day, Özdağ and Kılıçdaroğlu came together for the second time. During the meeting, Özdağ presented a memorandum of understanding to Kılıçdaroğlu.[96] Özdağ's main terms included "continuation of the trustee practice for the fight against terrorism" and "forcibly returning the immigrants within a year if necessary". He also said that they're "still trying to close the gates of hell", referring to Oğan's old quote.[97]

Dissolution of ATA Alliance

On 21 May, it was announced that Kılıçdaroğlu will visit the Justice Party headquarters on 22 May. The same day, its leader Vecdet Öz announced his support of Kılıçdaroğlu, saying "it is essential to get rid of the current government", and adding that "staying neutral means giving indirect support to the current government".[98] Later, Öz announced that the alliance has officially ended.[99]

Endorsement of Erdoğan by Oğan

On 22 May, Oğan announced his endorsement of Erdoğan for the second round,[100] while Özdağ stated that Oğan's statement doesn't bind the Victory Party.[101] Later Erdoğan thanked Oğan, and added that there was "absolutely no bargaining" between them.[102]

Özdağ's support for Kılıçdaroğlu

On 24 May, Özdağ announced his support for Kılıçdaroğlu. They signed a seven-point protocol, which reads as follows:[103]

  • The first four articles of our Constitution and the definition and content of Turkish Citizenship in Article 66 will be preserved.
  • The national-unitary-secular state established in 1924 will never be compromised.
  • All asylum seekers and fugitives, especially Syrians, will be sent back to their countries within one year at the latest.
  • All terrorist organizations targeting the existence and integrity of the state, especially FETÖ, PKK and ISIS, will be fought effectively and decisively. Within the framework of the fight against terrorism, the practice of appointing state officials instead of local administrators whose links with terrorism are proven by legal evidence will continue within the framework of judicial decision.
  • Terrorism will be fought, not negotiated. No political and legal arrangements targeting the national and unitary state structure of Turkey will be allowed.
  • In assignments to be made in all units of the state, it will be ensured that merit, not loyalty, is the basis.
  • All corruption will be dealt with very effectively within the framework of the law.
  • It is fully agreed that the state should be transparent and open to its citizens.

The fourth article in the protocol, created some concerns especially among HDP voter base and raised the question of whether they will boycott the election.[103] Next day, nevertheless, HDP and Green Left Party have announced that they will continue to support Kılıçdaroğlu in the second round, and said they "will change the one-man regime".[104] HDP co-chair Pervin Buldan said "We never get stuck with Ümit Özdağ's racist and fascist statements. The main thing for us is the promises made by Mr. Kılıçdaroğlu to the society."[105]

The Good Party leader Meral Akşener said "there is nothing in that protocol that bothers us".[103]

Erdoğan's strategy

He is scheduled to meet with the victims of recent earthquakes to show his solidarity and commitment.[106]

Kılıçdaroğlu's strategy

According to journalist Saymaz, Kılıçdaroğlu will adopt a more aggressive language until 28 May. AK Party will be "attacked" over the relationship between HÜDA PAR and Hezbollah. A counter stance will be taken regarding terrorism and security policies. The issue of Syrians and illegal immigrants will be highlighted.[107] On 18 May, Kılıçdaroğlu told that the influx of refugees threatens their survival, and vowed to repatriate millions of refugees to their home countries.[87] Kılıçdaroğlu claimed that Erdoğan, has "deliberately allowed ten million refugees into Turkey" and has put "Turkish citizenship on sale to get imported votes".[108]

Eventual debate

Over the quarrels of who was a supporter of terrorists, which both contenders deem the other to be, a debate was suggested to be held by Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, but Recep Tayyip Erdoğan refused on grounds that Kılıçdaroğlu wants to become famous.[109]

Controversies

Erdoğan's right to seek re-election

Before the 2018 elections, Turkish presidents were serving as heads of state within a parliamentary system. After the 2017 constitutional referendum, Turkey adopted a presidential system in which the president serves as the head of government. Some opposition politicians state that since Erdoğan was elected president twice in 2014 and 2018, he cannot be a candidate again unless an early election is called by the Parliament, as stated in Article 116 of the constitution.[19] Some jurists argue that since the presidential system was introduced in 2018 and a new office was formed apart from the similarity in name, the 2018 election was Erdoğan's first term in the new system and that he has the right to be a candidate again.[110][111]

Political violence

On 10 March, CHP parliamentary group deputy chair Özgür Özel claimed that Kılıçdaroğlu received assassination threats by unknown groups[clarification needed] and was offered a minister's armoured vehicle by the government, but he rejected the proposal and kept his official car.[112]

On 7 May, Istanbul Mayor Ekrem İmamoğlu was attacked during a rally in Erzurum. His rally was interrupted due to stones thrown from the crowd.[113] After the attack, İmamoğlu supporters rushed to the Sabiha Gökçen Airport in Istanbul to welcome and show support for him.[114] Erzurum's mayor Mehmet Sekmen said that there was no written application made from Republican People's Party's provincial chairmanship to hold a rally in Erzurum, and it was İmamoğlu "was the one who created the chaos by rallying in Erzurum".[115] The Interior Minister Süleyman Soylu said that the incident was planned by İmamoğlu to aggravate the crowds.[116][117]

On 12 May, extensive security measures were taken before and during Kılıçdaroğlu's rally in Samsun following the rumours of assassination attempts of Kılıçdaroğlu. Citizens who wanted to attend the rally held in Republic Square were searched twice. Snipers were placed on the roofs of buildings located around the square. İmamoğlu and Kılıçdaroğlu, who took the stage to make their speeches, were seen wearing bulletproof vests. While Kılıçdaroğlu was giving his speech, a large guard group accompanied him on the stage armed.[118][119]

While visiting the burials of citizens who lost their lives during the earthquake in Adıyaman Province, Kılıçdaroğlu was subjected to a verbal attack while he was reciting Al-Fatiha. The same day, another person attempted a physical attack.[120][121]

Two days after the attack on İmamoğlu, Kılıçdaroğlu's vehicle was attacked with stones in Sakarya. The 15-year-old attacker was released after Kılıçdaroğlu decided not to press charges and he also asked for the anonymity of the child's identity.[122]

Erdoğan's photo on ballot paper

Erdoğan appeared with the same photograph on the ballot paper as the one he used for the presidential elections in 2014 and 2018.[123]

Fake videos

On the Sunday before the elections Erdoğan showed an altered version of an election commercial belonging to his main challenger Kılıçdaroğlu. This commercial was edited with footage of Murat Karayılan, one of the founders of the PKK, in an attempt to link Kilicdaroglu with the PKK.[124][125] In a television interview, Erdoğan was asked about the footage. He replied that it did not matter whether it was manipulated or not, and insisted that the claim the video made was nevertheless true.[126] Similarly, presidential spokesman İbrahim Kalın said "Video edited by a group of witty young people. The elements put together in the video are real".[127] Kılıçdaroğlu called Erdoğan "fraudulent video fabricator".[128] Kılıçdaroğlu also filed a 1 million TRY non-pecuniary damage lawsuit against Erdoğan through his lawyer Celal Çelik.[129] On 25 May, the Ankara 6th Criminal Court of Peace blocked access to a troll account that shared fake footage used by Erdoğan during the election process, on the grounds that it "attacks personal rights".[129]

An allegedly fake sex video purporting to portray Muharrem İnce was circulated before he dropped out of the race.[130] İnce claimed that deepfake technology had been used to make the video and stated he had suffered "character assassination" and blamed the country's journalists and public prosecutors for not protecting him from the "fury of slander".[125] Erdoğan phoned İnce to express his support and condemned the video, calling the video "Gülenist tactics" as seen in the past.[131]

Block of Ekşi Sözlük

One day before the election, the website Ekşi Sözlük was blocked from access reasoned as "for the protection of national security and public order".[132]

Reporting of the results

On election night, the CHP complained about reports of Erdogan leading in the polls by the Anadolu Agency and produced its own numbers that held Kilicdaroglu as the leading candidate.[29] After Ömer Çelik of the AKP accused the CHP of trying to seize the will of the nation, Ekrem İmamoğlu of the CHP justified the reports of the oppostion as they had learned from the past.[29] Anadolu is known to show the governing AKP as the leader with a large advantage in the first hours.[29][133] The first results mainly come from smaller rural towns, where Erdogan and his AK party are generally popular.[134]

There were also criticisms directed at the slow pace of counting ballots cast abroad. At the time that 90% of domestic ballots were counted, only 30.8% of ballots from abroad had been counted. Ahmet Yener of the Supreme Election Council said these delays were "normal" and that the increase in the number of ballots and contesting parties slowed counting.[135]

The YSP demanded a repetition of the election for Gazıantep, where according to the YSP two thousand potential YSP voters were not able to vote as they were inscribed as members of the ballot committee by the Patriotic Party (VP) without informing them.[136] The request was deemed an unreasonable objection by the provincial election presidency.[136]

Azerbaijani and Russian interference allegations

A few days before the first round, Kılıçdaroğlu and the CHP accused Russia of foreign electoral interference, claiming it to be the source of many "plots, montages and deepfakes".[137][138] The Russian Government rejected the claims.[139][137]

After Oğan's endorsement of Erdoğan, journalist Demirağ claimed that Azerbaijani president Ilham Aliyev arranged the meeting between Erdoğan and Oğan. Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality assembly member, Good Party group deputy chairman İbrahim Özkan criticized Oğan, saying that "he [Oğan] will do whatever Aliyev says".[140] Azerbaijani journalist Afgan Mukhtarli said that "pro-Aliyev media and trolls" campaigned against Kılıçdaroğlu, and adding that "Oğan has close relations with the Azerbaijani government", and that "Aliyev's role is certain in Oğan's decision".[141] A journalist asked Oğan if he met with Aliyev before taking this decision. Upon the question Oğan said that his interlocutors are Erdoğan and Kılıçdaroğlu.[142] On 23 May, Adil Aliyev, deputy chairman of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan, made a propaganda speech on behalf of the People's Alliance in Melekli district of Iğdır, Oğan's hometown.[143]

Opinion polls

Main article: Opinion polling for the 2023 Turkish presidential election
See also: Leadership opinion polling for the 2023 Turkish general election

First round

LOESS graph displaying the polls for the 2023 Turkish Presidential election during the official campaign period.

Second round

Results

The ballot boxes used in the second round abroad were brought to Turkey
CandidatePartyFirst roundSecond round
Votes%Votes%
Recep Tayyip ErdoğanJustice and Development Party27,133,84949.5227,834,69252.18
Kemal KılıçdaroğluRepublican People's Party24,595,17844.8825,504,55247.82
Sinan OğanIndependent2,831,2395.17
Muharrem İnce[b]Homeland Party235,7830.43
Total54,796,049100.0053,339,244100.00
Valid votes54,796,04998.1453,339,24498.73
Invalid/blank votes1,037,1041.86684,3721.27
Total votes55,833,153100.0054,023,616100.00
Registered voters/turnout64,145,50487.0464,197,41984.15
Source: YSK, 1st round; Haber Türk, 2nd round

Aftermath

Analysis

As no candidate was able to secure a majority of votes, a runoff took place between the top two finishers, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, on 28 May.[144] Erdoğan, the incumbent president coming into the election, received 49.52% of the vote, down from 52.59% in the last elections.[145] Votes for Oğan pushed the race into a run-off.[2] In the second round, the turnout rate in abroad and customs increased from 53.8% to 54.35%,[146] and despite trailing in opinion polls for nearly two years prior to the elections, Erdoğan was re-elected with 52.2% of the vote.

Reactions

See also: Reactions to the 2023 Turkish presidential election

In Turkey

After 99.4% of the votes were counted in the second round, the Supreme Election Council declared Erdoğan as elected, with remaining votes to be counted unable to bridge the difference between him and Kılıçdaroğlu.[147] Erdoğan expressed his thanks to his supporters in a speech in Istanbul, saying that all 85 million citizens of the country were the "victors" in the elections,[148] while taunting his opponent's defeat with the words "Bye, bye, bay Kemal" ("bay" means "mr." in Turkish and has the same pronunciation as "bye").[149] Kılıçdaroğlu conceded defeat, saying, "My real sadness is about difficulties awaiting this country." He vowed to continue fighting against Erdoğan. He urged his supporters to continue to fight to uphold democratic principles and expressed frustration at the massive influx of refugees in his country, commenting that "Turkish people have become second class citizens."[150] Özdağ described the election results a pyrrhic victory. He also stated that Erdoğan won largely thanks to foreign voters, adding "the Victory Party is determined not to congratulate Erdoğan".[151]

Abroad

After Erdoğan was declared elected, U.S. President Joe Biden offered his congratulations, commenting that he "looks forward to continuing to work together as NATO Allies on bilateral issues and shared global challenges".[152] Former U.S. President Donald Trump also congratulated Erdoğan, praising Erdogan as a "friend" who had "lifted [Turkey] to a new level of prominence and respect".[153] President of the European Council Charles Michel congratulated Erdogan, stating that he "looks forward to working with you again to deepen EU-TR relations in the years to come".[154] Kubanychbek Omuraliev, Secretary General of the Organization of Turkic States, said in a message, "I offer my sincere congratulations to President Erdogan for his victory in the 2nd round of the Presidential Elections of the Republic of Turkey, and wish him good luck for the Republic of Turkey, the brotherly Turkish people and the entire Turkic world."[155] Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) Secretary General Hissein Brahim Taha wished Erdoğan success in taking his country further and prosperous in his new term.[156] NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg congratulated Erdogan, stating that he "looks forward to continuing our work together and preparing for the NATO summit in July."[157] UN chief Antonio Guterres congratulated Turkish President Erdogan on his reelection.[158] President of Israel Isaac Herzog and the Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu congratulated as well.[158] President Herzog and President Erdogan engaged in a constructive dialogue, expressing their shared optimism for the continuous expansion of collaborative relations between the two nations. The conversation emphasized the enduring significance of ongoing cooperation in upholding stability, advancing regional peace, and fostering a mutually beneficial partnership. Moreover, they conveyed their aspirations to convene in the near future.[158]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ This figure is the percentage of ballot boxes opened.
  2. ^ a b c Withdrew candidacy on 11 May 2023, remained on the ballot.
  3. ^ Note that alliances and parties do not appear on the official ballot paper.
  4. ^ Ended his candidacy process on 24 March.

References

  1. ^ "Factbox: Turkey elections 2023: what you need to know". Reuters. 14 May 2023. Archived from the original on 20 May 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  2. ^ a b "Turkey's presidential election goes to run-off: Election council". www.aljazeera.com. 15 May 2023. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  3. ^ "Erdogan calls Turkish elections for May 14, three months after quake disaster". Reuters. 10 March 2023. Archived from the original on 4 May 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  4. ^ Ekonomi, Nasıl Bir (4 May 2023). "Seçimde en büyük etken Z kuşağı ve kadınlar…". Ekonomim (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  5. ^ "Emek ve Özgürlük İttifakı'ndan Kılıçdaroğlu'na destek – DW – 28.04.2023". dw.com (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 11 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  6. ^ Ebrahim, Isil; Sariyuce, Gul; Tuysuz, Nadeen (11 May 2023). "Turkish presidential candidate withdraws in potential boost for Erdogan rival". CNN. Archived from the original on 11 May 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  7. ^ Buyuk, Hamdi Firat (14 February 2023). "Erdogan Ally Calls for Turkish Election Postponement After Quake". Balkan Insight. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  8. ^ "How Will Turkey's Earthquake Affect the Current Election Cycle?". The Washington Institute. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  9. ^ "Erdoğan says sorry for earthquake rescue delays". POLITICO. 27 February 2023. Archived from the original on 11 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  10. ^ "En büyük sorun ekonomi". birgun.net (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 11 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  11. ^ "Turkey election: What five more years of Erdogan would mean". BBC News. 26 May 2023. Archived from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  12. ^ Morris, Chris (25 June 2018). "Turkey elections: How powerful will the next Turkish president be?". BBC. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  13. ^ Shaheen, Kareem (16 April 2017). "Erdoğan clinches victory in Turkish constitutional referendum". The Guardian. Ankara. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  14. ^ "Turkey election: Erdogan win ushers in new presidential era". BBC. 25 June 2018. Archived from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  15. ^ "Erdogan wins elections for Presidency of Turkey while his AK Party loses parliamentary majority: The struggle continues – Liberation News".
  16. ^ "Devlet Bahçeli: 2023 yılında cumhurbaşkanı adayımız Erdoğan". 18 September 2022.
  17. ^ a b "Are snap elections on the table in Türkiye?". Bianet. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
  18. ^ "President Erdoğan hints at May 14 for general elections". Hürriyet Daily News. 18 January 2023. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  19. ^ a b "Table of Six: Legally Erdoğan cannot run for a third term on May 14". Bianet. 27 January 2023. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
  20. ^ "Turkey earthquake: Erdogan announces three-month state of emergency in quake area". BBC News. 7 February 2023. Archived from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  21. ^ a b c d "Bülent Arınç calls for scheduled elections to be postponed". Bianet. 14 February 2023. Archived from the original on 2 May 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  22. ^ "AK Parti Sözcüsü Ömer Çelik'ten Bülent Arınç'ın seçim açıklamasına yanıt – En Son Haber". Ensonhaber (in Turkish). 15 February 2023. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  23. ^ "Yüksek Seçim Kurulu seçim takvimini açıkladı". euronews (in Turkish). 14 March 2023. Archived from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  24. ^ Dopico, Alex (6 November 2021). "Does Turkey have term limits?". janetpanic.com. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  25. ^ Ertan, Nazlan (18 January 2023). "Erdogan picks historically charged date of May 14 for Turkey's crucial election – Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
  26. ^ "Opposition Future Party says in contact with 40 lawmakers of ruling AKP". Gazete Duvar (in Turkish). 13 January 2022. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
  27. ^ "Türkei: Erdogan kündigt vorgezogene Wahlen am 14. Mai an". FAZ.NET (in German). ISSN 0174-4909. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
  28. ^ "Anayasa değişikliği maddeleri tam metni | Yeni anayasa maddeleri nelerdir? | Son Dakika Türkiye Haberleri". Cnnturk.com. Archived from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
  29. ^ a b c d Böge, Friederike. "Wahl in der Türkei: Zweifel an Erdogans Führung". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). ISSN 0174-4909. Archived from the original on 14 May 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  30. ^ "Turkey's Erdogan Declares His Bid for President in 2023 Election". Bloomberg.com. 9 June 2022. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  31. ^ "Meet Turkish President Erdogan's presumptive challenger". The Economist. 10 March 2022. Archived from the original on 12 March 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  32. ^ a b c d e f "Son Dakika: Millet İttifakı'nın Cumhurbaşkanı adayı Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu". www.cumhuriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
  33. ^ Michaelson, Ruth (6 March 2023). "Turkish opposition settles on bookish presidential candidate after public row". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  34. ^ "Kurdish-left alliance declares support for Kılıçdaroğlu in presidential election". Bianet. 28 April 2023. Archived from the original on 5 May 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  35. ^ "Memleket Partisi'nin cumhurbaşkanı adayı Muharrem İnce oldu". www.hurriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). 12 March 2023. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  36. ^ "Muharrem Ince: Turkish candidate dramatically pulls out before election". BBC News. 11 May 2023. Archived from the original on 11 May 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  37. ^ a b c d e "Ata İttifakı hangi partilerden oluşuyor? Ata İttifakı'nın cumhurbaşkanı adayı kim?". www.cumhuriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  38. ^ "YSK draws presidential candidates' place on ballot paper". 2 April 2023. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  39. ^ a b "Hangi Cumhurbaşkanı adayı (5.gün) kaç imza topladı? 100 bin imzayı toplayan ikinci aday Sinan Oğan oldu" (in Turkish). 26 March 2023. Archived from the original on 18 May 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2023. Anayasanın 101. maddesine göre; cumhurbaşkanlığına, siyasi parti grupları, en son yapılan genel seçimlerde toplam geçerli oyların tek başına veya birlikte en az yüzde 5'ini almış olan siyasi partiler ile en az 100 bin seçmen aday gösterebiliyor.
  40. ^ "Yeniden Refah Partisi Cumhur İttifakı'nda (Fatih Erbakan adaylıktan çekildi)" (in Turkish). 24 March 2023. Archived from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  41. ^ "YSK, Cumhurbaşkanı adayları için ilk gün atılan imza sayılarını açıkladı". Cumhuriyet. 22 March 2023. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
  42. ^ "Cumhurbaşkanı adayları için 2'nci gün atılan imza sayıları açıklandı". www.sozcu.com.tr (in Turkish). 23 March 2023. Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
  43. ^ "Cumhurbaşkanları adayları için üçüncü gün atılan imza sayıları". www.t24.com.tr (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  44. ^ "Hangi Cumhurbaşkanı adayı (4.gün) kaç imza topladı? 100 bin imzayı toplayan ilk aday Muharrem İnce oldu". 25 March 2023. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  45. ^ "Sinan Oğan da 100 bin imzaya ulaştı". 26 March 2023. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
  46. ^ "100 bin imza için süre doldu! Seçime girecek 4 aday". 27 March 2023. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  47. ^ "Devlet Bahçeli: Cumhurbaşkanı adayımız Erdoğan'dır". Yeni Şafak. 8 February 2022. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  48. ^ "BBP Başkanı Destici, Cumhurbaşkanı adayını açıkladı". Tele1 (in Turkish). 17 April 2022. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
  49. ^ "Yeniden Refah Partisi Cumhur İttifakı'nda (Fatih Erbakan adaylıktan çekildi)". www.ntv.com.tr (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  50. ^ "HÜDA-PAR kararını açıkladı: Erdoğan'ı destekleyeceğiz!". Rudaw. 11 March 2023. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  51. ^ "Son dakika... DSP'den 'Cumhur İttifakı' kararı". www.cumhuriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). 7 April 2023. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
  52. ^ "Büyük Türkiye Partisi: Adaylarımızı Cumhur İttifakı'nı ve Erdoğan'ı desteklemek üzere geri çekiyoruz". www.cumhuriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). 12 April 2023. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  53. ^ "DYP'den Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan'a destek kararı". www.yeniakit.com.tr (in Turkish). 19 April 2023. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
  54. ^ Haber7. "Yeni Dünya Partisi Baş Lideri Emanullah Gündüz Erdoğan'a destek çağrısı yaptı". Haber7 (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 5 May 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  55. ^ "Perinçek'ten 'U' dönüşü! 2'nci tur için Erdoğan'a oy istedi". www.cumhuriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). 17 May 2023. Archived from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  56. ^ Mehmet Sağlam [@TPmehmetsaglam] (23 May 2023). "Türkiye İttifakı Partisi olarak yol arkadaşlarımızla birlikte 28 Mayıs Cumhurbaşkanlığı seçimlerinde Cumhur İttifakı adayı Sn. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan'ı destekleme kararı aldığımızı kamuoyuna beyan ederiz" (Tweet) (in Turkish). Retrieved 23 May 2023 – via Twitter.
  57. ^ "Ülkem Partisi Genel Başkanı Neşet Doğan'dan Başkan Erdoğan'a destek: Türkiye'nin önüne çıkacak her engeli aşacak lider!". A Haber (in Turkish). 25 May 2023. Archived from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
  58. ^ "SAADET PARTİSİ". 8 November 2015. Archived from the original on 8 November 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  59. ^ "TİP'ten Kılıçdaroğlu'nun adaylığına tam destek: İlk turda bu işi bitirelim". Haberler (in Turkish). 7 March 2023. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
  60. ^ "HDP 14 Mayıs'taki seçimlerde kimi destekleyeceğini duyurdu!". TGRT (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  61. ^ "Pervin Buldan: Kullanacağımız oyun biri Yeşil Sol Parti'ye biri de Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu'na". Artı Gerçek (in Turkish). 28 April 2023. Archived from the original on 2 May 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  62. ^ a b c "Son Dakika: Emek ve Özgürlük İttifakı'ndan Kılıçdaroğlu kararı". www.cumhuriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). 28 April 2023. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  63. ^ "SOL Parti ittifak kararını açıkladı". www.sozcu.com.tr (in Turkish). 24 March 2023. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
  64. ^ "TKP seçim sürecinde AKP iktidarının yarattığı yıkım ve karanlığın boyutlarını, kaynağını ve neden sonlanması gerektiğini halka anlatacak ve AKP'nin seçimlerden yenilgiyle çıkması için elinden geleni yapacaktır". Facebook (in Turkish). 15 March 2023. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  65. ^ "TKP seçim kararını açıkladı: Bir oy Erdoğan gitsin diye, bir oy TKP'ye". SoL. 15 March 2023. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  66. ^ Manifesto, Gazete (12 March 2023). "TKH: Kılıçdaroğlu'nun adaylığı konusunda komünistlerin tutumu nettir". Gazete Manifesto (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2 May 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  67. ^ Manifesto, Gazete (12 March 2023). "TKH: Kılıçdaroğlu'nun adaylığı konusunda komünistlerin tutumu nettir". Gazete Manifesto (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2 May 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  68. ^ "Sarıgül'den Kılıçdaroğlu'nun adaylığına destek". T24 (in Turkish). 6 March 2023. Archived from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
  69. ^ "Liberal Demokrat Parti seçimlerde tarafını seçti: Kılıçdaroğlu'nu destekleyeceğiz". Haberler (in Turkish). 8 March 2023. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  70. ^ "KAMUOYUNA DUYURU! #LDP #liberaldemokratparti". Twitter (in Turkish). 8 March 2023. Archived from the original on 2 May 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  71. ^ "Kılıçdaroğlu'nun ikinci adresi Bağımsız Türkiye Partisi". 17 March 2023. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  72. ^ "Halkın Kurtuluş Partisi: 14 Mayıs seçimlerinde Kılıçdaroğlu'nu destekleyeceğiz" (in Turkish). 14 March 2023. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
  73. ^ "MTP'den Kılıçdaroğlu'na destek". Halk TV (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  74. ^ "Kadın Partisi'nden Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu'na destek". www.cumhuriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). 29 March 2023. Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  75. ^ "Ahmet Özal'dan Kılıçdaroğlu'na destek". birgun.net (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  76. ^ "Yeşiller Partisi, seçim kararını açıkladı: Kılıçdaroğlu'nu destekliyoruz!". www.cumhuriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). 31 March 2023. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  77. ^ "Rifat Serdaroğlu duyurdu: Doğru Parti, Kılıçdaroğlu'nu destekleyecek". birgun.net (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  78. ^ "ATA İttifakı'nda yer alan Adalet Partisi'nden Kılıçdaroğlu'na destek kararı". www.cumhuriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). 16 May 2023. Archived from the original on 16 May 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  79. ^ "Özdağ, Kılıçdaroğlu'na destek açıkladı: Protokolde 'İçişleri Bakanlığı' sözü yer almadı, 'kayyum' yargı kararına bağlandı". BBC News Türkçe (in Turkish). 24 May 2023. Archived from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  80. ^ Abdurrahim Karslı [@Abdurahimkarsli] (24 May 2023). "Bu çok doğru, herkes kendi istikbali için oy verecek. Özellikle gençler Kılıçdaroğlu için değil, kendileri için yaşı kemale ermiş bir Kemal' e oy verecekler" (Tweet) (in Turkish). Retrieved 26 May 2023 – via Twitter.
  81. ^ "Sosyalist Cumhuriyet Partisi Merkez Karar Kurulu Cumhurbaşkanlığı 2. Tur Seçimleri İçin Tavrını Belirledi – Sosyalist Cumhuriyet Partisi" (in Turkish). 25 May 2023. Archived from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  82. ^ "Remzi Çayır: Pazar günü ya keyfiyet ya da adalet diyeceksiniz". DHA | Demirören Haber Ajansı (in Turkish). 13 May 2023. Archived from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  83. ^ "İDP Cumhurbaşkanlığı seçimlerinin ikinci turuna ilişkin tutumunu açıkladı". Gazete Nisan (in Turkish). 18 May 2023. Archived from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  84. ^ "İDP Cumhurbaşkanlığı seçimlerinin ikinci turuna ilişkin tutumunu açıkladı". Gazete Nisan (in Turkish). 18 May 2023. Archived from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  85. ^ İrfan Uzun [@irfanuzunn] (24 May 2023). "Değişim önemlidir. Değişim evrenin birinci ilkesidir; her şey değişir. Mevsimler de, yapraklar da, çiçekler de, kuşlar da, ahlak anlayışları da, insanlar da, binalar da. Diyalektik süreç bu" (Tweet) (in Turkish). Retrieved 26 May 2023 – via Twitter.
  86. ^ Dr. Sinan Oğan. "Bugün Türkiye'nin en köklü siyasi partilerimizden olan Anavatan Partisi Genel Merkezi'nde Sayın Genel Başkan İbrahim Çelebi ve yönetim kurulu üyelerini ziyaret ettim..." Twitter (in Turkish).
  87. ^ a b "Turkish opposition plays up nationalist sentiment ahead of 2nd round". 18 May 2023. Archived from the original on 18 May 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  88. ^ "Say hello to Turkey's election kingmaker". 15 May 2023. Archived from the original on 18 May 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  89. ^ a b Hubbard, Ben; Timur, Safak (17 May 2023). "He Lost Turkey's Presidential Election, but Could Swing the Runoff". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 May 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  90. ^ a b c Altayli, Birsen; Coskun, Orhan (15 May 2023). "For Turkey runoff, potential kingmaker draws red line at concessions to Kurds". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  91. ^ "Cumhurbaşkanı adayı Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, Zafer Partisi Genel Merkezinde... Kılıçdaroğlu ve Zafer Partisi Genel Başkanı Ümit Özdağ arasındaki görüşmeye dair bazı kulis bilgilerine göre Oğan, gidişata göre görüşmeye katılabilir". 19 May 2023. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  92. ^ "Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan, Sinan Oğan ile görüşüyor" (in Turkish). 19 May 2023. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  93. ^ "Erdoğan 'İsteklerine boyun eğmem' dediği Sinan Oğan'la görüşüyor" (in Turkish). 19 May 2023. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  94. ^ "Bahçeli: Olmayan siyasi gücünü varmış gibi gösterip siyaseti at pazarına çevirenler fırsatçı acizlerdir" (in Turkish). 19 May 2023. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  95. ^ {{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/tr/zafer-partisi-akp-g%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9Fmesinde-s%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1nmac%C4%B1-detay%C4%B1/a-65700838%7Ctitle=Zafer Partisi-AKP görüşmesinde sığınmacı detayı|date=22 May 2023|lang=Turkish.
  96. ^ "Özdağ, Kılıçdaroğlu'na mutabakat metni sundu" (in Turkish). 22 May 2023. Archived from the original on 22 May 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
  97. ^ "Özdağ'a göre Kılıçdaroğlu ile görüşmeler 'olumlu' ilerliyor Kayyum ve 'göçmenlerin gönderilme takvimi' masada" (in Turkish). 23 May 2023. Archived from the original on 23 May 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  98. ^ "ATA İttifakı ortağından Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu'na destek kararı" (in Turkish). 21 May 2023. Archived from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  99. ^ "Vecdet Öz: ATA İttifakı Sona Ermiş Oldu, Her Parti İstediği Kararı Verir" (in Turkish). 21 May 2023. Archived from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  100. ^ "Erdoğan wins support from Turkey's election 'kingmaker'". 22 May 2023. Archived from the original on 22 May 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
  101. ^ "Özdağ: Oğan'ın açıklaması Zafer Partisi'ni bağlamıyor" (in Turkish). 22 May 2023. Archived from the original on 22 May 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
  102. ^ "Erdoğan'dan Oğan'a teşekkür: Aramızda bir pazarlık kesinlikle olmadı" (in Turkish). 22 May 2023. Archived from the original on 22 May 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
  103. ^ a b c "Far-right leader Özdağ declares support for Kılıçdaroğlu in presidential race" (in Turkish). 24 May 2023. Archived from the original on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
  104. ^ "HDP will continue to support Kılıçdaroğlu in presidential race". 25 May 2023. Archived from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
  105. ^ "HDP'li Buldan'dan Ümit Özdağ açıklaması: Bizim için bağlayıcı tarafı yok" (in Turkish). 27 May 2023. Archived from the original on 27 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
  106. ^ Costu, Safak (16 May 2023). "President Erdoğan Prioritizes Meeting with Earthquake Victims over Rallies". BNN. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  107. ^ "CHP'nin 28 Mayıs planı; "Kılıçdaroğlu, partisini terörle ilişkilendiren kampanyayı tersine çevirerek milliyetçi seçmenin oyunu almayı planlıyor"". 17 May 2023. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  108. ^ "I'll kick all refugees out of Turkey, Erdoğan rival vows". 28 May 2023. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  109. ^ "Kılıçdaroğlu deems Erdoğan 'protector of terrorists' and challenges him to debate". Gazete Duvar (in Turkish). 25 May 2023. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
  110. ^ "Cumhurbaşkanlığı Yüksek İstişare Kurulu üyesi Cemil Çiçek, TBB Başkanı Feyzioğlu, Prof. Şen ve Prof. Caniklioğlu: Erdoğan tekrar aday olabilir". T24 (in Turkish). 14 September 2020. Archived from the original on 15 September 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  111. ^ "Turkish parliament speaker claims Erdoğan can legally run for president again". Gazete Duvar (in Turkish). 2 July 2022. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  112. ^ "Main opposition receiving reports of assassination threats against leader Kılıçdaroğlu". Duvar English. 10 March 2023. Archived from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  113. ^ "Erzurum'da İmamoğlu mitingi sonrası otobüse taşlı saldırı". Gazete DuvaR (in Turkish). 5 July 2023. Archived from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  114. ^ "Voters greet Istanbul mayor at airport after mob attack in east Turkey". Medya News. 8 May 2023. Archived from the original on 20 May 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  115. ^ "Erzurum Büyükşehir Belediye Başkanı, İmamoğlu'na yönelik saldırılardan yine İmamoğlu'nu sorumlu tuttu: Senin ipliğin pazara çıktı". Son Dakika (in Turkish). 8 May 2023. Archived from the original on 9 May 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  116. ^ "Erzurum belediye başkanı: Kaosu yaratan bizzat İmamoğlu'dur". Gazete DuvaR (in Turkish). 7 May 2023. Archived from the original on 10 May 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  117. ^ "Protesters arrested for violence at Turkish opposition rally". Aljazeera. 8 May 2023. Archived from the original on 10 May 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  118. ^ "Kılıçdaroğlu'na olağanüstü güvenlik önlemi" (in Turkish). 12 May 2023. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  119. ^ English, Duvar (5 December 2023). "Kılıçdaroğlu wears bulletproof vest at rally due to report of 'assassination' threat". www.duvarenglish.com (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  120. ^ "Son dakika... Kılıçdaroğlu'na yönelik ikinci saldırı girişimi!" (in Turkish). 21 April 2023. Archived from the original on 2 May 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
  121. ^ "Mezarlık ziyaretinde çirkin tavırla karşılaşmıştı! Kılıçdaroğlu'na türbede ikinci saldırı girişimi" (in Turkish). 21 April 2023. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
  122. ^ "Son dakika... Sakarya'da Kılıçdaroğlu'nun aracına taşlı saldırı!". Cumhuriyet (in Turkish). 9 May 2023. Archived from the original on 10 May 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  123. ^ "Erdoğan to appear with 9-year-old photo on ballot paper for presidential election". Gazete Duvar. 14 April 2023. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  124. ^ Ünker, Pelin; Sparrow, Thomas (8 May 2023). "Fact check: Turkey's Erdogan shows false Kilicdaroglu video". dw.com. Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  125. ^ a b Elci, Aylin (12 May 2023). "AI content is meddling in Turkey's election. Experts warn it's just the beginning". Euronews. Bruxelles: Euronews SA. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  126. ^ "Fact check: Turkey's Erdogan shows false Kilicdaroglu video". Euronews. 24 May 2023. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  127. ^ "Turkish man detained after filing criminal complaint against Erdoğan". 24 May 2023. Archived from the original on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
  128. ^ "Kılıçdaroğlu calls Erdoğan 'fabricator' over montage video linking former with PKK". 22 May 2023. Archived from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
  129. ^ a b "Son Dakika: Erdoğan'ın izlettiği montajlı görüntülere 'erişim engeli' kararı!" (in Turkish). 25 May 2023. Archived from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
  130. ^ Michaelson, Ruth; Narlı, Deniz Barış (12 May 2023). "Turkish opposition accuses Russia of election interference days before vote". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  131. ^ "Erdoğan'dan İnce açıklaması: Kaset kumpası FETÖ taktiği". Türkiye Gazetesi (in Turkish). 12 May 2023. Archived from the original on 20 May 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  132. ^ "Seçimden bir gün önce: Ekşi Sözlük'ün yeni kullandığı alan adı erişime engellendi" (in Turkish). 14 May 2023. Archived from the original on 13 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  133. ^ "LIVE: People's Alliance has the majority in parliament, according to state-run Anadolu Agency results". Gazete Duvar (in Turkish). 14 May 2023. Archived from the original on 14 May 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  134. ^ "Erdogan haalt net geen absolute meerderheid, tweede ronde volgt op 28 mei". nos.nl (in Dutch). 14 May 2023. Archived from the original on 15 May 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  135. ^ "87% of vote counted, election council says". CNN. 14 May 2023. Archived from the original on 14 May 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  136. ^ a b "YSP's request to renew elections in Gaziantep rejected". Gazete Duvar (in Turkish). 18 May 2023. Archived from the original on 18 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
  137. ^ a b Sariyuce, Mostafa Salem,Anna Chernova,Isil (12 May 2023). "Turkey's main opposition candidate accuses Russia of election interference". CNN. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  138. ^ "Erdogan rival accuses Russia of 'deep fake' campaign ahead of presidential vote". reuters.com. Reuters. 12 May 2023. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  139. ^ "Turkey election: Kremlin rejects accusations of interference". BBC News. 12 May 2023. Archived from the original on 13 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  140. ^ "Sinan Oğan'la İlgili Çok Konuşulacak Aliyev Ayrıntısı... Erdoğan'a Destek Kararının Perde Arkası" (in Turkish). 22 May 2023. Archived from the original on 22 May 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  141. ^ "Azeri muhalifler Oğan'ın Erdoğan kararını yorumluyor: Kesinlikle Aliyev'in parmağı var!". 23 May 2023. Archived from the original on 23 May 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  142. ^ "Ata İttifakı'nın cumhurbaşkanı adayı Oğan: Seçimlerin ikinci turunda Sayın Erdoğan'ı destekleyeceğiz" (in Turkish). 22 May 2023. Archived from the original on 22 May 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  143. ^ "Aliyev'den Türkiye'deki seçimlere doğrudan müdahale" (in Turkish). 23 May 2023. Archived from the original on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  144. ^ Hubbard, Ben; Harman, Gulsin (14 March 2023). "Nail-Biter Turkish Election Goes to Round 2 as Majority Eludes Erdogan". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 May 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  145. ^ Kirby, Paul (15 May 2023). "Turkey's Erdogan appears to have upper hand after tense night". BBC News. Archived from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  146. ^ "28 Mayıs Cumhurbaşkanlığı Seçimi'nde yurt dışı katılım oranı kaç?" (in Turkish). Euronews. 23 May 2023. Archived from the original on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
  147. ^ "YSK Başkanı Yener: Erdoğan Cumhurbaşkanı seçilmiştir". www.ntv.com.tr (in Turkish). 28 May 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
  148. ^ "Turkey's Erdogan celebrates presidential election run-off win". Aljazeera. 29 May 2023.
  149. ^ "Turkish election victory for Erdogan leaves nation divided". BBC. 29 May 2023.
  150. ^ Minute, Turkish (28 May 2023). "Kılıçdaroğlu concedes defeat after Erdoğan wins third term". Turkish Minute. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  151. ^ "Ümit Özdağ: Erdoğan için bu galibiyet, bir Pirus Zaferi'dir". 30 May 2023.
  152. ^ "US President Biden congratulates Erdogan on election win". Reuters. 28 May 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
  153. ^ "Trump congratulates Turkish President Erdogan on 'well deserved' reelection victory". Anadolu Agency. 29 May 2023.
  154. ^ "EU Council head congratulates Turkey's Erdogan on election win". Devdiscourse. 28 May 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
  155. ^ "Türk Devletleri Teşkilatı, Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan'ı kutladı". HaberTürk (in Turkish). 29 May 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
  156. ^ "Dünya liderleri Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan'ı tebrik etti". Son Dakika (in Turkish). 29 May 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
  157. ^ "US, EU, NATO congratulate Turkey's Erdogan, stress importance of 'working together'". Al Arabiya English. 29 May 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
  158. ^ a b c "Prime Minister Of Israel congratulated him". News 12. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2023_Turkish_presidential_election&oldid=1157849921"