List of foreign nationals detained in Iran

    Add links
    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    Since the Iran hostage crisis, the Islamic Republic of Iran has engaged in a pattern of detaining foreign nationals for extended periods.[1] Dual nationals of Iran and another country are particularly vulnerable to arbitrary detention because the international Master Nationality Rule provides that "a State may not afford diplomatic protection to one of its nationals against a state whose nationality such person also possesses".[2] According to the Center for Human Rights in Iran, the Iranian government has used imprisoned dual and foreign-only nationals "as bargaining chips in its dealings with other nations."[3]

    In November 2017, Reuters reported that Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) had arrested "at least 30 dual nationals during the past two years, mostly on spying charges."[4] According to Human Rights Watch, "Iranian authorities have violated detainees' due process rights and carried out a pattern of politically motivated arrests."[5]

    In September 2019, on the sidelines of the Seventy-fourth session of the United Nations General Assembly, families of dual and foreign nationals imprisoned in Iran as well former dual and foreign nationals imprisoned in Iran launched the "Alliance of Families Against State Hostage Taking."[6][7][8]

    In January 2023, France called for the release of seven nationals, who were held in Iran. One of the detainees, Fariba Adelkhak was arrested in June 2019, along with her colleague Roland Marchal. While Marchal was released in 2020, but Fraiban Adelkhak remained in prison amid mounting political tensions in Iran. [9]

    This list of current and former detainees in Iran excludes people abducted in other countries and brought into the country.

    Current foreign nationals imprisoned in Iran[edit]

    Name Detained Citizenship Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
    Kamran Ghaderi 2 January 2016 Austria 2706 [10]
    Nazak Afshar 12 March 2016 France 2636 [10]
    Shahab Dalili 20 March 2016 U.S. permanent resident 2628 cooperating with a hostile government U.S. permanent resident [11]
    Ahmad Reza Jalali 24 April 2016 Sweden 2593 [12][13]
    Abdolrasoul Dorri-Esfahani August 2016 Canada ~2494 In May 2017, convicted on espionage charges, including "collaborating with the British secret service," and sentenced to five years in prison. [14]
    Morad Tahbaz January 2018 USA, UK ~1976 [15]
    Massud Mossaheb January 2019 Austria ~1611 [16]
    Fariba Adelkhah ~5 June 2019 France ~1456 [17]
    Benjamin Brière ~May 2020 France 1100 spying and propaganda, for flying a drone in an unauthorised area and making social media posts concerning Iranian law [18]
    Afshin Sheikholeslami Vatani 27 June 2020 U.S. permanent resident 1068 Released on bail in February 2019 but reportedly has not been permitted to leave Iran and then arrested again in 2020. [19]
    Jamshid Sharmahd July 2020 Germany 1037 U.S. permanent resident. Sentenced to death February 2023. [20]
    Nahid Taghavi 12 October 2020 Germany [21]
    Emad Shargi 30 November 2020 USA 912 Espionage / Spying Sentenced to 10 years in January 2021.

    Had previously been cleared in December 2019

    		[22][23]
    Bernard Phelan October 2022 Ireland / France ~240 Providing information to an enemy country Sentenced to 6.5 years in February 2023. Had previously been sentenced to 3.5 years, and told he would be pardoned. [24]

    U.S. citizens[edit]

    Further information: Iran–United States relations
    Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
    Masoud Jamali Ashtiani 20 May 2012 20 May 2013 365 propaganda against the regime 41 days in solidarity confinement [citation needed]
    Emad Shargi 30 November 2020 In detention 912 Espionage / Spying Sentenced to 10 years in January 2021.

    Had previously been cleared in December 2019

    		[25][26]
    Michael White July 2018 19 March 2020 ~1795 [10]
    Morad Tahbaz January 2018 In detention ~1976 [15]
    Xiyue Wang 8 August 2016 7 December 2019 1216 [27]
    Gholamreza (Reza) "Robin" Shahini 11 July 2016 21 March 2017 253 [28]
    Karan Vafadari 20 July 2016 21 July 2018 731 Released on bail but reportedly has not been permitted to leave Iran. [29][30]
    Baquer Namazi 22 February 2016 1 October 2022 2655 Released during the Mahsa Amini protests [31][32]
    Siamak Namazi 13 October 2015 2785 Detained [33][34]
    Nosratollah Khosravi-Roodsari May 2015 16 January 2016 ~260 [35]
    Matthew Trevithick 7 December 2015 16 January 2016 39 [36]
    Jason Rezaian 22 July 2014 16 January 2016 543 [37][38]
    Saeed Abedini 28 July 2012 16 January 2016 1277 [38][39]
    Afsaneh Azadeh 13 May 2012 September 2012 ~111 Azadeh was released from detention to house arrest from September 2012 – November 2012. She was not permitted to leave the country until May 2013. [40]
    Amir Hekmati 29 August 2011 16 January 2016 1601 [38][41]
    Joshua Fattal 31 July 2009 21 September 2011 782
    Shane Bauer 31 July 2009 21 September 2011 782
    Sarah Shourd 31 July 2009 14 September 2010 410
    Roxana Saberi 31 January 2009 11 May 2009 100 [42]
    Esha Momeni 15 October 2008 10 November 2008 26 Momeni was released on bail in November 2008 but she was not permitted to leave Iran until August 2009. [43]
    Reza Taghavi May 2008 16 October 2010 ~898 [44]
    Nik Moradi 31 October 2007 15 April 2008 167 [45]
    Kian Tajbakhsh 11 May 2007 19 September 2007 140
    Ali Shakeri 8 May 2007 25 September 2007 140
    Haleh Esfandiari 8 May 2007 21 August 2007 105 [46][47]
    Robert Levinson (alleged) 9 March 2007 Presumed dead 25 March 2020 >1333 (alleged) U.S. agent working for the CIA who disappeared on Kish Island. Proof of life in captivity in an unknown location was received in November 2010, but Iran has never acknowledged his arrest or detention; he was presumed dead in March 2020. [10]
    Dariush Zahedi 10 July 2003 9 November 2003 122 [48]
    Daniel Baumann 10 January 1997 16 March 1997 65 Dual U.S.-Swiss citizen. Arrested with South African Stuart Timm. [49]
    Gerald Seib 31 January 1987 4 February 1987 4 Wall Street Journal reporter who had been visiting Iran with a group of journalists. [50]
    Jon Pattis 16 June 1986 October 1991 ~1933 Sentenced to 10 years in prison in 1987 for espionage. [51][52]
    David Rabhan 1980 6 August 1990 ~3719 [53]

    U.S. permanent residents[edit]

    Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
    Afshin Sheikholeslami Vatani 27 June 2020 In detention 1068 Released on bail in February 2019 but reportedly has not been permitted to leave Iran and then arrested again in 2020. [54]
    Afarin Neyssari 20 July 2016 21 July 2018 731 Released on bail but reportedly has not been permitted to leave Iran. [29][30]
    Shahab Dalili 20 March 2016 In detention 2628 cooperating with a hostile government U.S. permanent resident [55]

    Iran hostage crisis detainees (1979 - 1981)[edit]

    Further information: Iran hostage crisis
    Name Detained Released Days in detention Notes
    Cynthia Dwyer 5 May 1980 10 February 1981 281 Civilian. Freelance writer convicted on trumped-up charges of espionage and other crimes[56]
    Mohi Sobhani 6 September 1980 4 February 1981 151 Civilian[57]
    Thomas L. Ahern, Jr. 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Clair Cortland Barnes 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    William E. Belk 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Robert O. Blucker 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Donald J. Cooke 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    William J. Daugherty 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Robert Englemann 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    William Gallegos 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Bruce W. German 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Duane L. Gillette 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Alan B. Golacinski 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    John E. Graves 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Joseph M. Hall 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Kevin J. Hermening 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Donald R. Hohman 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Leland J. Holland 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Michael Howland 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Charles A. Jones, Jr. 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Malcolm K. Kalp 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Moorhead C. Kennedy, Jr. 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    William F. Keough, Jr. 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Steven W. Kirtley 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Kathryn L. Koob 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Frederick Lee Kupke 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Bruce Laingen 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Steven Lauterbach 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Gary E. Lee 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Paul Edward Lewis 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    John Limbert 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    John D. McKeel, Jr. 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Michael J. Metrinko 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Jerry J. Miele 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Michael E. Moeller 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Bert C. Moore 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Richard Morefield 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Paul M. Needham, Jr. 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Robert C. Ode 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Gregory A. Persinger 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Jerry Plotkin 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444 Civilian
    Regis Ragan 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    David M. Roeder 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Barry M. Rosen 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    William B. Royer, Jr. 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Thomas E. Schaefer 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Charles W. Scott 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Donald A. Sharer 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Rodney V. Sickmann 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Joseph Subic, Jr. 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Elizabeth Ann Swift 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Victor L. Tomseth 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Phillip R. Ward 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
    Richard Queen 4 November 1979 11 July 1980 250
    Wesley Williams 4 November 1979 20 November 1979 16
    Joan Walsh 4 November 1979 20 November 1979 16
    David Walker 4 November 1979 20 November 1979 16
    Joseph Vincent 4 November 1979 20 November 1979 16
    Terri Tedford 4 November 1979 20 November 1979 16
    Neal Robinson 4 November 1979 20 November 1979 16
    Lloyd Rollins 4 November 1979 20 November 1979 16
    Elizabeth Montagne 4 November 1979 20 November 1979 16
    Lillian Johnson 4 November 1979 20 November 1979 16
    James Hughes 4 November 1979 20 November 1979 16
    Kathy Gross 4 November 1979 19 November 1979 15
    Ladell Maples 4 November 1979 19 November 1979 15
    William Quarles 4 November 1979 19 November 1979 15

    British citizens[edit]

    Further information: Iran–United Kingdom relations
    Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
    Kameel Ahmady 11 August 2019 17 November 2019 1389 Released on bail. Fled the Regime[58] [10][59]
    Abbas Edalat 15 April 2018 December 2018 ~230
    Morad Tahbaz January 2018 In detention ~1976 Sentenced to 10 years in prison for espionage. Iranian national who also holds US and UK citizenship [3]
    Anoush Ashoori August 2017 16 March 2022 ~2129 Convicted of spying for Israel's Mossad and sentenced to 12 years in prison. [10]
    Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe 3 April 2016 17 March 2020 (parole within 300 metres of house)
    16 March 2022     		2173 (part parole) Sentenced to 5 years for ‘plotting to topple the Iranian government’. Iran (birth)/UK (2013) dual citizen [60][61][62]
    Kamal Foroughi 5 May 2011 1 April 2020 3284 [63]
    Ghoncheh Ghavami 20 June 2014 23 November 2014 156 [64]
    Roya Saberi Negad Nobakht October 2013 25 August 2017 ~1424 Subject to travel ban after release. Unclear if she has been permitted to depart Iran. [10][65]
    Andrew Barber 21 June 2010 18 August 2010 58 [66]
    Iason Athanasiadis 17 June 2009 5 July 2009 18 Also holds Greek citizenship. [67][68]
    Roger Cooper 7 December 1985 1 April 1991 1941 [69]
    Frank Skinner 27 April 1981 13 April 1982 351 Flight engineer for Iran Air held without charge. [70][71]
    Andrew Pyke 27 August 1980 28 January 1982 519 British businessman who worked for Dutch-Iranian helicopter firm, accused of spying but was never charged. [70]

    List of British permanent residents[edit]

    Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
    Aras Amiri 14 March 2018 16 August 2021 1904 Sentenced to 10 years in prison for spying. [72]
    Ana Diamond 10 January 2016 January 2018 722 Arbitrary detention, falsely accused of espionage for "MI6, CIA, Mossad, and others." UK Permanent Resident at the time of arrest, as well as British naturalisation application in place.

    Subjected to travel ban shortly after her arrival in Iran in August 2014, ~500-days before her arrest in January 2016. Travel ban imposed again following her release from Evin prison on bail in August 2016. Acquitted of all charges and travel ban lifted in 2018.

    		[73][74]

    Canadian citizens[edit]

    Further information: Canada–Iran relations
    Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
    Kavous Seyed-Emami 24 January 2018 8 February 2018 15 Died in custody under suspicious circumstances. Authorities say he committed suicide. [15][75]
    Abdolrasoul Dorri-Esfahani August 2016 In detention ~2494 In May 2017, convicted on espionage charges, including "collaborating with the British secret service," and sentenced to five years in prison. [14]
    Homa Hoodfar 6 June 2016 26 September 2016 112 Undisclosed "security" charges Before arrest, had been prevented from leaving country from March 2016. [76]
    Maziar Bahari 21 June 2009 17 October 2009 118 [77]
    Hossein Derakhshan 1 November 2008 19 November 2014 2209 Sentenced to 19.5 years on "several national security, obscenity and religious insult charges in connection with his online activism." [78]
    Hamid Ghassemi-Shall 24 May 2008 23 September 2013 1948 [79]
    Zahra Kazemi 23 June 2003 10 July 2003 17 Died in custody as a result of torture. [80]
    Ramin Jahanbegloo 27 April 2006 30 August 2006 125 Plotting a "velvet revolution" [81]
    Philip Engs 3 December 1986 8 February 1987 67 Manager of oil services company, held in solitary confinement and interrogated at Evin Prison on ““Suspicion of espionage”’, never formally charged, and then released unharmed. Concessions were made by his employer on their contract for services with NIOC while he was detained. [82]

    Canadian permanent residents[edit]

    Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
    Saeed Malekpour 4 October 2008 ~August 2019 ~3953 Escaped Iran while on furlough from prison. [83][84]

    Australian citizens[edit]

    Further information: Australia–Iran relations
    Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
    Jolie King ~1 July 2019 ~5 October 2019 ~96 Also holds British citizenship. [10][85]
    Mark Firkin ~1 July 2019 ~5 October 2019 ~96 [10][85]
    Meimanat Hosseini-Chavoshi December 2018 ~27 January 2019 ~57 Iranian authorities have reportedly prevented her from leaving the country. [86][87]
    Kylie Moore-Gilbert September 2018 November 2020 ~792 Espionage Also holds British citizenship. [88][89]

    New Zealand citizens[edit]

    Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
    Topher Richwhite ~9 July 2022 ~27 October 2022 ~110 Well-known New Zealand citizen from Expedition Earth. [90]
    Bridget Thackwray ~9 July 2022 ~27 October 2022 ~110 Well-known New Zealand citizen from Expedition Earth. [91]

    Lebanese citizens[edit]

    Further information: Iran–Lebanon relations
    Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
    Nizar Zakka 15 September 2015 11 June 2019 1395 Permanent resident of the U.S. at time of arrest. [10]

    French citizens[edit]

    Further information: France–Iran relations
    Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
    Benjamin Brière ~May 2020 In detention 1100 spying and propaganda, for flying a drone in an unauthorised area and making social media posts concerning Iranian law [92]
    Roland Marchal ~June 2019 20 March 2020 ~1460 [93]
    Fariba Adelkhah ~5 June 2019 In detention ~1456 [94]
    Nelly Erin-Cambervelle 21 October 2018 ~21 February 2019 ~123 "signing an illegal mining contract and carrying out an unauthorized trip" Erin-Cambervelle is a businesswoman from the French Caribbean island of Martinique. [95]
    Nazak Afshar 12 March 2016 In detention 2636 [10]
    Clotilde Reiss 1 July 2009 16 May 2010 319
    Stéphane Lherbier 29 November 2005 25 February 2007 453 Detained with German Donald Klein. [96]

    French permanent residents[edit]

    Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
    Ruhollah Zam ~11 October 2019 Executed ~1328 [97]

    German citizens[edit]

    Further information: Germany–Iran relations
    Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
    Helmut Szimkus January 1989 14 June 1994 ~1840 [98][99]
    Helmut Hofer September 1997 January 2000 852 Initially sentenced to death for having illicit sexual relations with an Iranian woman. [100][101]
    Donald Klein 29 November 2005 12 March 2007 468 [96][102]
    Marcus Hellwig 10 October 2010 19 February 2011 132 [103]
    Jens Koch 10 October 2010 19 February 2011 132 [103]
    Jamshid Sharmahd July 2020 In detention [20]
    Nahid Taghavi 12 October 2020 In detention [104]

    Austrian citizens[edit]

    Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
    Massud Mossaheb January 2019 In detention ~1611 [105]
    Kamran Ghaderi 2 January 2016 In detention 2706 [10]

    Russian citizens[edit]

    Further information: Iran–Russia relations
    Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
    Yulia Yuzik 2 October 2019 10 October 2019 8 [106]

    Dutch citizens[edit]

    Further information: Iran–Netherlands relations
    Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
    Sabri Hassanpour 19 April 2016 May 2018 [107][108]
    Zahra Bahrami 27 December 2009 - 398 Arrested while participating in the 2009 Ashura protests. Charged with the capital crime of drug trafficking. Executed by hanging on 29 January 2011. [109]

    Swedish citizens[edit]

    Further information: Iran–Sweden relations
    Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
    Ahmad Reza Jalali 24 April 2016 In detention 2593 [110][111]
    Stefan Johansson 26 February 2006 16 April 2007 414 Convicted for espionage and sentenced to 3 years in prison. [112]
    Jari Hjortmar 26 February 2006 16 April 2007 414 Convicted for espionage and sentenced to 3 years in prison. [112]

    Finnish citizens[edit]

    Further information: Finland–Iran relations
    Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
    Ana Diamond 10 January 2016 January 2018 ~722 Arbitrary detention, later falsely accused of espionage for "MI6, CIA, Mossad, and others." UK Permanent Resident at the time of arrest, as well as British naturalisation application in place.

    Subjected to travel ban shortly after her arrival in Iran in August 2014, ~500-days before her arrest in January 2016. Travel ban imposed again following her release from Evin prison on bail in August 2016. Acquitted of all charges in 2017 and travel ban lifted in May 2018.

    		[113][114]

    Belgian citizens[edit]

    Further information: Belgium–Iran relations
    Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
    Olivier Vandecasteele February 2022 Released on 26 May 2023 ~484 [115]
    Diego Mathieu 16 September 2009 8 December 2009 83 [116]
    Vincent Boon Falleur 5 September 2009 8 December 2009 94 [117]
    Idesbald van den Bosch 5 September 2009 8 December 2009 94 [117]

    Armenian citizens[edit]

    Further information: Armenia–Iran relations
    Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
    Silva Harotonian 26 June 2008 10 March 2009 257 Convicted of promoting a "soft" revolution in Iran on January 19, 2009, and sentenced to 3 years in prison. At the time of her arrest, Harotonian was an administrative officer for a maternal and child health project in Tehran for International Research & Exchanges Board (IREX), a U.S. government-funded organization. [118]

    South African citizens[edit]

    Further information: Iran–South Africa relations
    Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
    Stuart Timm 10 January 1997 17 February 1997 38 [49]

    See also[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ^ "America's unending hostage crisis with Iran". Reuters. 1 August 2018. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018.
    2. ^ "Dual Nationality". UK Home Office. Archived from the original on 8 December 2010. Retrieved 16 December 2010.
    3. ^ a b "Who Are the Dual and Foreign Nationals Imprisoned in Iran?". Center for Human Rights in Iran. 16 March 2022. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019. Updated regularly.
    4. ^ "Iran's Revolutionary Guards arrest more dual nationals". Reuters. 9 November 2017. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019.
    5. ^ "Iran: Targeting of Dual Citizens, Foreigners". Human Rights Watch. 26 September 2018. Archived from the original on 26 October 2019.
    6. ^ "Relatives of Jailed Dual and Foreign Nationals Launch Alliance Against Iran's 'Hostage-Taking' Amid UNGA". Center for Human Rights in Iran. 24 September 2019. Archived from the original on 16 October 2019.
    7. ^ "Families of prisoners held in Iran accuse Tehran of 'hostage taking,' ask for global action". NBC News. 25 September 2019. Archived from the original on 14 October 2019.
    8. ^ "Families of Hostages in Iran Launch Alliance at UN". IranWire. 25 September 2019. Archived from the original on 16 October 2019.
    9. ^ "France demands 'immediate release' of seven French citizens held in Iran". France 24. 25 January 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
    10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Nadae, Garrett; Cappuccino, Nicholas; Azar-Chehr, Maana; Caves, John (22 February 2022) [Original date 25 July 2016]. "Dual Nationals and Foreigners Held in Iran". The Iran Primer. U.S. Institute of Peace. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019. Updated as required.
    11. ^ "My Husband Shahab Dalili is a Hostage Too: Retired Sea Captain and US Resident's Wife Breaks Silence". IranWire. April 8, 2022.
    12. ^ "Iranian-Swedish Disaster Medicine Expert Held in Iran Jail for Nine Months, on Hunger Strike Since Dec. 25". Center for Human Rights in Iran. 12 January 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2019.
    13. ^ "Sweden grants citizenship to academic facing Iran death sentence". The Local SE. 17 February 2018. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019.
    14. ^ a b "Iran's jailed dual nationals and their uncertain fate". BBC. 1 October 2019. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019.
    15. ^ a b c "Environmentalists Detained in Crackdown Denied Legal Counsel Amid Claims Some Were 'Jewish Spies'". Center for Human Rights in Iran. 5 March 2018. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019.
    16. ^ "Österreicher seit sechs Monaten im Iran in Haft". Der Standard. 31 July 2019. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019.
    17. ^ "Arrest and detention of Dr. Fariba Adelkhah". Middle East Studies Association of North America. 22 July 2019. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019.
    18. ^ Somerville, Hannah (30 May 2021). "Family pleads with Macron for help as French tourist Benjamin Briere charged with spying in Iran". Euronews. AP. Archived from the original on 30 May 2021.
    19. ^ "Iran: Kurdish environmental activist Afshin Sheikholeslami Vatani arrested". Kurdistan Human Rights Network. 29 June 2020.
    20. ^ a b "'Death sentence certain' for German-Iranian journalist". Jerusalem Post. 2022-07-25. Retrieved 2022-07-25.
    21. ^ "German-Iranian women's rights activist detained in Tehran". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
    22. ^ Luce, Dan De (2021-01-17). "Iran jailed another American, jeopardizing Biden's plans for diplomacy". NBC News.
    23. ^ Coleman, Justine (2021-01-17). "Iran convicts American businessman on spying charge: report". TheHill. Retrieved 2021-01-20.
    24. ^ "Irish man 'held hostage' in Iran sentenced to 6 ½ years, family say". Irish Times. 8 March 2023.
    25. ^ Luce, Dan De (2021-01-17). "Iran jailed another American, jeopardizing Biden's plans for diplomacy". NBC News.
    26. ^ Coleman, Justine (2021-01-17). "Iran convicts American businessman on spying charge: report". TheHill. Retrieved 2021-01-20.
    27. ^ "Iran sentences Princeton graduate student to 10 years for espionage, report says". The Washington Post. 16 July 2017. Archived from the original on 17 March 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
    28. ^ "Iranian-American Initially Sentenced to 18 Years Prison Released on Bail During Appeal". Center for Human Rights in Iran. 4 April 2017. Archived from the original on 12 October 2019.
    29. ^ a b "Grave and Baseless New Charges Against Imprisoned Iranian-American and Wife". Center for Human Rights in Iran. 10 March 2017. Archived from the original on 12 October 2019.
    30. ^ a b "Iranian American and US Permanent Resident Released on Bail From Iran's Evin Prison". Center for Human Rights in Iran. 24 July 2018. Archived from the original on 24 December 2019.
    31. ^ "Revolutionary Guards Mark Anniversary of Dual National Siamak Namazi's Arrest With Propaganda Video". Center for Human Rights in Iran. 17 October 2016. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019.
    32. ^ "At Least 92 Killed In Iran Crackdown On Anti-Hijab Protesters: NGO". NDTV.com. Retrieved 2022-10-02.
    33. ^ "UN Urged to Take Immediate Action on Namazis". IranWire. 25 April 2017. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020.
    34. ^ "At Least 92 Killed In Iran Crackdown On Anti-Hijab Protesters: NGO". NDTV.com. Retrieved 2022-10-02.
    35. ^ "Who is Nosratollah Khosravi-Roodsari? The Story of the Fourth American Prisoner". IranWire. 1 February 2016. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019.
    36. ^ "Hingham man recalls 41-day ordeal in Iranian captivity". Boston Globe. 28 January 2016. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019.
    37. ^ "Iran urged to release detained Washington Post journalist". The Guardian. 30 July 2014. Archived from the original on 4 June 2019.
    38. ^ a b c "5 Americans released by Iran, 4 as part of prisoner swap". CNN. 16 January 2016. Archived from the original on 5 September 2019.
    39. ^ "Iranian prison guards threaten to extend sentence for U.S. pastor, wife claims". Fox News. 28 April 2015. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019.
    40. ^ "The Mysterious Tale of a Powerful American Businessman, Three Sanctioned Iranians and an Imprisonment in Tehran". Politico. 27 May 2018. Archived from the original on 19 October 2019.
    41. ^ "Jailed in Iran: The story of ex-Marine Amir Hekmati". Al Jazeera. 24 September 2013. Archived from the original on 5 October 2015.
    42. ^ "Roxana Saberi: Caught 'Between Two Worlds'". NPR. 30 March 2010. Archived from the original on 12 October 2019.
    43. ^ "CSUN grad student Esha Momeni, formerly imprisoned in Iran, returns to Los Angeles". The Sundial. Archived from the original on 2019-10-19.
    44. ^ "U.S. Businessman Freed From Iran After 29 Months Behind Bars". ABC News. 17 October 2010. Archived from the original on 25 May 2015.
    45. ^ "Iranian Torture Victim Gets $20M in Damages". Courthouse News Service. 6 January 2015. Archived from the original on 20 October 2019.
    46. ^ "Tehran Jails Iranian American Scholar After Long House Arrest". The Washington Post. 9 May 2007. Archived from the original on 31 January 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
    47. ^ "Iran frees detained US academic". BBC. 21 August 2007. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
    48. ^ "Iran frees Berkeley lecturer / Teacher had been held on spy charges". San Francisco Chronicle. 10 November 2003. Archived from the original on 21 October 2019.
    49. ^ a b "Swiss-American missionary released from Iranian prison". Religion News Service. 27 March 1997. Archived from the original on 21 October 2019.
    50. ^ "'Gerald Seib Day' Held For Reporter Detained In Iran". AP News. 14 February 1987. Archived from the original on 20 October 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
    51. ^ "South Carolina Woman Reassured About Imprisoned Brother". AP News. 1 December 1987. Archived from the original on 22 October 2019.
    52. ^ "Engineer Freed by Iran Returns to U.S." Los Angeles Times. AP. 8 October 1991. Archived from the original on 11 January 2020.
    53. ^ "American Freed from Tehran Prison". The Washington Post. 14 September 1990. Archived from the original on 22 October 2019.
    54. ^ "Iran: Kurdish environmental activist Afshin Sheikholeslami Vatani arrested". Kurdistan Human Rights Network. 29 June 2020.
    55. ^ "My Husband Shahab Dalili is a Hostage Too: Retired Sea Captain and US Resident's Wife Breaks Silence". IranWire. April 8, 2022.
    56. ^ "Cynthia Dwyer, '53rd hostage' of U.S. crisis with Iran, dies at 84". The Buffalo News. 15 February 2016. Archived from the original on 15 November 2019.
    57. ^ "Iran Frees One American and Has Hearing for Another". The New York Times. 5 February 1981. Archived from the original on 20 October 2019.
    58. ^ ""Academic jailed in Iran pulls off daring escape back to Britain"". The Guardian. 3 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
    59. ^ "Iran releases detained British-Iranian academic on bail". AFP. 21 November 2019. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019.
    60. ^ "Iran: British-Iranian charity worker detained: Nazanin Zaghari Ratcliffe". Amnesty International. 20 May 2016. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019.
    61. ^ "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe freed for two weeks by Iran". The Times. 17 March 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
    62. ^ Peltier, Elian (20 May 2020). "Iran Extends Temporary Release of British-Iranian Woman". New York Times. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
    63. ^ "Health of Elderly Prisoner Remains at Risk" (PDF). Amnesty International. 29 January 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
    64. ^ "Ghoncheh Ghavami, in prison in Iran for wanting to watch volleyball". Amnesty International UK. Archived from the original on 2019-10-10. Retrieved 2019-10-10.
    65. ^ "UK-Iranian Roya Nobakht Released After 5 Years in Prison Over Facebook Posts". Jimmy Wales Foundation. 1 September 2017. Archived from the original on 14 October 2019.
    66. ^ "Tourist jailed for taking sunrise photo". NewsCore. 25 August 2010.
    67. ^ "Iason Athanasiadis is Released in Tehran". Nieman Foundation for Journalism at Harvard. 5 July 2009. Archived from the original on 10 January 2020.
    68. ^ "Accused of spying: journalist Iason Athanasiadis tells of his time in Iranian jail". The Daily Telegraph. 12 July 2009. Archived from the original on 25 July 2015.
    69. ^ "Iran Frees British Businessman Held Five Years on Spying Charges". AP News. 2 April 1991. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019.
    70. ^ a b "A British businessman jailed in Iran for 520 days". AP. 2 April 1991. Archived from the original on 15 November 2019.
    71. ^ "Iran Frees Briton". The Observer. 18 April 1982. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019.
    72. ^ "Jailed Student Appeals to Head of the Judiciary". IranWire. 15 July 2019. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019.
    73. ^ "Student held in same Iranian prison as Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe says she was psychologically tortured". Channel 4 News. 26 July 2019. Archived from the original on 14 October 2019.
    74. ^ "'There are countless Nazanins': Student reveals psychological torture in Iran prison on charges of spying for UK". The Telegraph. 26 July 2019. Archived from the original on 14 October 2019.
    75. ^ "Canadian woman held in Iran after husband died now home safe: Freeland". The Canadian Press. 11 October 2019. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019.
    76. ^ "Iran Says It Released Homa Hoodfar for 'Humanitarian' Reasons". Center for Human Rights in Iran. 3 October 2016. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019.
    77. ^ "'Then They Came For' Journalist Maziar Bahari". NPR. 3 June 2011. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019.
    78. ^ "Iran: Blogger Hossein Derakhshan released". PEN International. 26 November 2014. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019.
    79. ^ "Hamid Ghassemi-Shall has been released!". Amnesty International Canada. 24 September 2013. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019.
    80. ^ "Impunity in Iran: The Death of Photojournalist Zahra Kazemi" (PDF). Iran Human Rights Documentation Center. November 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-10-10.
    81. ^ "'I Am Not a Spy. I Am a Philosopher'". The Chronicle of Higher Education. 3 October 2014. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019.
    82. ^ "Canadian engineer jailed in Iran flies home". UPI. 11 February 1987. Archived from the original on 22 October 2019.
    83. ^ "Maryam Malekpour Speaks at 2018 Geneva Summit". Geneva Summit. 20 February 2018. Archived from the original on 12 October 2019.
    84. ^ "Iranian-born Canadian resident returns after 11 years in notorious prison in Tehran". The Canadian Press. 3 August 2019. Archived from the original on 6 August 2019.
    85. ^ a b "Australian Couple Detained in Iran Are Released, Authorities Say". The New York Times. 5 October 2019. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019.
    86. ^ "Lawyer Says Australian-Based Population Expert Released From Iranian Detention". RFE/RL. 27 January 2019. Archived from the original on 16 October 2019.
    87. ^ "Australian Meimanat Hosseini Chavoshi feared to be among growing number of foreign nationals held in Iran". ABC News. 8 October 2019. Archived from the original on 13 October 2019.
    88. ^ "'She's not a spy': friends shocked over academic Dr Kylie Moore-Gilbert's jailing in Iran". The Guardian. 16 September 2019. Archived from the original on 3 October 2019.
    89. ^ "Kylie Moore-Gilbert: Lecturer 'released by Iran' in prisoner swap". BBC News. 25 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
    90. ^ Richwhite, Topher (26 October 2022). "Iran allows detained New Zealand social media influencers to leave". CNN.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
    91. ^ Thackwray, Bridget (27 October 2022). "New Zealand Instagram couple 'relieved' after leaving Iran". BBC.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
    92. ^ Somerville, Hannah (30 May 2021). "Family pleads with Macron for help as French tourist Benjamin Briere charged with spying in Iran". Euronews. AP. Archived from the original on 30 May 2021.
    93. ^ "France demands Iran release two French nationals held since June". The Daily Telegraph. 16 October 2019. Archived from the original on 19 October 2019.
    94. ^ "Arrest and detention of Dr. Fariba Adelkhah". Middle East Studies Association of North America. 22 July 2019. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019.
    95. ^ "Iran Frees French Businesswoman Detained For Four Months". RFE/RL. 24 February 2019. Archived from the original on 16 October 2019.
    96. ^ a b "Trapped in Iran's dark legal labyrinth". Los Angeles Times. 17 July 2007. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019.
    97. ^ "Iran - Situation of Ruhollah Zam - Q&A". France Diplomatie. 16 October 2019. Archived from the original on 17 October 2019.
    98. ^ "Bonn seeks pardon for German sentenced to death by Iran". UPI. 5 January 1994. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019.
    99. ^ Mousavian, Hossein (2008). Iran-Europe Relations: Challenges and Opportunities. Routledge. pp. 88–89. ISBN 9781134062201.
    100. ^ "18 March 1999". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019.
    101. ^ "Hofer arrives home". BBC News. 19 February 2011. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019.
    102. ^ "German Fisherman Freed From Iranian Jail". Deutsche Welle. 13 March 2007. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019.
    103. ^ a b "Iran frees two German reporters". The Local DE. 19 February 2011. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019.
    104. ^ "German-Iranian women's rights activist detained in Tehran". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
    105. ^ "Österreicher seit sechs Monaten im Iran in Haft". Der Standard. 31 July 2019. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019.
    106. ^ "Iran frees Russian journalist 'accused of working for Israel'". Al Jazeera. 10 October 2019. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019.
    107. ^ "Iran: Dutch-Iranian prisoner denied heart surgery: Sabri Hassanpour". Amnesty International. 21 April 2016. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020.
    108. ^ "Iraanse Nederlander Sabri Hassanpour vrijgelaten in Iran" [Iranian-Dutch Sabri Hassanpour Released in Iran]. NOS (in Dutch). 2018-05-01. Archived from the original on 2020-03-19. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
    109. ^ "Distraught, Bahrami's Daughter Demands: 'How is it possible that she was executed?!'". Center for Human Rights in Iran. 30 January 2011. Archived from the original on 20 July 2019.
    110. ^ "Iranian-Swedish Disaster Medicine Expert Held in Iran Jail for Nine Months, on Hunger Strike Since Dec. 25". Center for Human Rights in Iran. 12 January 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2019.
    111. ^ "Sweden grants citizenship to academic facing Iran death sentence". The Local SE. 17 February 2018. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019.
    112. ^ a b "Iran frees 2 Swedes held for spying". AP. 16 April 2007. Archived from the original on 27 November 2019.
    113. ^ "Student held in same Iranian prison as Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe says she was psychologically tortured". Channel 4 News. 26 July 2019. Archived from the original on 14 October 2019.
    114. ^ "'There are countless Nazanins': Student reveals psychological torture in Iran prison on charges of spying for UK". The Telegraph. 26 July 2019. Archived from the original on 14 October 2019.
    115. ^ "Olivier Vandecasteele: Iran jails Belgian aid worker for 28 years - family". BBC. 14 December 2022.
    116. ^ "Les trois Belges arrêtés en Iran reviennent sur leur mésaventure" (in French). 7sur7. 8 January 2010.
    117. ^ a b "Freed Belgians cite fears for U.S. hikers in Iran". CNN. 26 January 2010. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016.
    118. ^ "Silva Harotonian Released from Iranian Prison". The Armenian Weekly. 29 March 2010. Archived from the original on 20 October 2019.

    External links[edit]

    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_nationals_detained_in_Iran&oldid=1157873757"